Security Theater Now Playing at Your Airport

by Daniel Pipes
Jerusalem Post
January 6, 2010

http://www.meforum.org/pipes/7866/airport-security-theater

As hands are wrung in the aftermath of the near-tragedy on a Northwest Airlines flight approaching Detroit, a conversation from London's Heathrow airport in 1986 comes to mind.

Nizar al-Hindawi and Ann-Marie Murphy.

It consisted of an El Al security agent quizzing one Ann-Marie Doreen Murphy, a 32-year-old recent arrival in London from Sallynoggin, Ireland. While working as a chambermaid at the Hilton Hotel on Park Lane Murphy met Nizar al-Hindawi, a far-leftist Palestinian who impregnated her. After instructing her to "get rid of the thing," he abruptly changed his tune and insisted on immediate marriage in "the Holy Land." He also insisted on their traveling separately.

Murphy, later described by the prosecutor as a "simple, unsophisticated Irish lass and a Catholic," accepted unquestioningly Hindawi's arrangements for her to fly to Israel on El Al on April 17. She also accepted a wheeled suitcase with, unbeknown to her, a false bottom containing nearly 2 kilograms of Semtex, a powerful plastic explosive, and she agreed to be coached by him to answer questions posed by airport security.

Murphy successfully passed through the standard Heathrow security inspection and reached the gate with her bag, where an El Al agent questioned her. As reconstructed by Neil C. Livingstone and David Halevy in Washingtonian magazine, he started by asking whether she had packed her bags herself. She replied in the negative. Then:

"What is the purpose of your trip to Israel?" Recalling Hindawi's instructions, Murphy answered, "For a vacation."

"Are you married, Miss Murphy?" "No."

"Traveling alone?" "Yes."

"Is this your first trip abroad?" "Yes."

"Do you have relatives in Israel?" "No."

"Are you going to meet someone in Israel?" "No.

"Has your vacation been planned for a long time?" "No."

"Where will you stay while you're in Israel?" "The Tel Aviv Hilton."

"How much money do you have with you?" "Fifty pounds." The Hilton at that time costing at least £70 a night, he asked:

"Do you have a credit card?" "Oh, yes," she replied, showing him an ID for cashing checks.

That did it, and the agent sent her bag for additional inspection, where the bombing apparatus was discovered.

Security at Ben-Gurion Airport in Israel.

Had El Al followed the usual Western security procedures, 375 lives would surely have been lost somewhere over Austria. The bombing plot came to light, in other words, through a non-technical intervention, relying on conversation, perception, common sense, and (yes) profiling. The agent focused on the passenger, not the weaponry. Israeli counterterrorism takes passengers' identities into account; accordingly, Arabs endure an especially tough inspection. "In Israel, security comes first," David Harris of the American Jewish Committee explains.

Obvious as this sounds, overconfidence, political correctness, and legal liability render such an approach impossible anywhere else in the West. In the United States, for example, one month after 9/11, the Department of Transportation issued guidelines forbidding its personnel from generalizing "about the propensity of members of any racial, ethnic, religious, or national origin group to engage in unlawful activity." (Wear a hijab, I semi-jokingly advise women wanting to avoid secondary screening at airport security.)

Worse yet, consider the panicky Mickey-Mouse, and embarrassing steps the U.S. Transportation Security Administration implemented hours after the Detroit bombing attempt: no crew announcements "concerning flight path or position over cities or landmarks," and disabling all passenger communications services. During a flight's final hour, passengers may not stand up, access carry-on baggage, nor "have any blankets, pillows, or personal belongings on the lap."

Some crews went yet further, keeping cabin lights on throughout the night while turning off the in-flight entertainment, prohibiting all electronic devices, and, during the final hour, requiring passengers to keep hands visible and neither eat nor drink. Things got so bad, the Associated Press reports, "A demand by one attendant that no one could read anything … elicited gasps of disbelief and howls of laughter."

Widely criticized for these Clouseau-like measures, TSA eventually decided to add "enhanced screening" for travelers passing through or originating from fourteen "countries of interest" – as though one's choice of departure airport indicates a propensity for suicide bombing.

The TSA engages in "security theater" – bumbling pretend-steps that treat all passengers equally rather than risk offending anyone by focusing, say, on religion. The alternative approach is Israelification, defined by Toronto's Star newspaper as "a system that protects life and limb without annoying you to death."

Which do we want – theatrics or safety?

Mr. Pipes, director of the Middle East Forum and Taube fellow at the Hoover Institution, has super-elite status at two airlines.

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Jan. 6, 2010 update: I lacked space in the column to play out this ultimate scenario: What if a very large group of hijackers gets on a plane, enough of them so that with muscle alone – no knives, guns, or bombs – they overpower the passengers and crew? What if they threaten the pilots to strangle one person after another until the plane comes under their control? No amount of technology can prevent such a scenario; only scrutiny of who is getting aboard can do so.

And while there has been no such large group, "Those Fourteen Syrians on Northwest Airlines Flight #327" represented a possible step in that direction.

Jan. 17, 2010 update: As the anecdote concerning Ann-Marie Murphy implies, I am not calling for religious profiling so much as using one's brains to focus on the threat. Therefore, while I see the following news from Finland, "Passengers' Religion May Lead to X-Ray Scan," as a step in the right direction, I also see it as simplistic:

Airport security may soon start scanning travellers based on their religion or citizenship. A syndicate of regional papers reports that a policy of passenger profiling may be adopted if Finland begins using new -- and controversial -- electromagnetic scanners.

Finland's aviation authority Finavia is considering whether to invest in electromagnetic scanners. But their bulky size and prohibitive expense means they would not entirely replace standard metal detectors. This is why, explains Finavia's head of corporate security Jyri Vikström, they may use passenger profiling in addition to random scans. .

Comment: How curious if the cost of electromagnetic scanners is what prompts a more discerning approach to airport security. And Finland - not the place one would expect such a cutting-edge decision, given its relative lack of terrrorism.

July 14, 2011 update: A key part of the security theater has been the Department of Homeland Security's program called "Screening of Passengers by Technique" (SPOT), which claims, based on the work of Paul Ekman, a University of California psychology professor, that facial expressions signal terroristic intentions.

But now the Government Accountability Office finds that the $750 million spent on training Transportation Security Administration employees how to "spot" has done no good. "SPOT officials told us that it is not known if the SPOT program has ever resulted in the arrest of anyone who is a terrorist," finds the GAO, "or who was planning to engage in terrorist-related activity."

Aug. 2, 2011 update: Could improvements to the system be on the way? Joe Myxter, travel editor for MSNBC, has details of a new kind of TSA agent, a Behavior Detection Officer, who will start work Aug. 3 at Boston's Logan International Airport.

Behavior Detection Officers (BDOs) started on-the-job training for a pilot program that enhances the agency's already-existing behavior detection program. BDOs will ask a few questions and look for anomalies in every traveler passing through Logan's Terminal A, TSA spokesperson Greg Soule told msnbc.com. "Officers are trained to look for specific behaviors that would indicate if an individual is acting suspicious and has a fear of discovery," he said. ...

"I like the idea that TSA talks to people walking through," said Robert Strang, CEO of Investigative Management Group. "Just having communication with people is helpful. Rather than just looking at machines, you look people in the eye. ... To emphasize one-on-one communication for people coming through is a great idea."

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